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4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 135(2): 216-220, feb. 2007. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-445062

ABSTRACT

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia affects one every 400 individuals, is caused by mutations in the LDL receptor gene and is associated with premature coronary artery disease. Nowadays, LDL cholesterol can be efficiently reduced with the new therapies to reduce blood lipids. We report a female patient who consulted in 1975, when she was 46 years old, for severe hypercholesterolemia. In 2003, a sample of leukocyte DNA was obtained and the uncommon 1705 + 1G >A mutation of the LDL receptor gene was detected. No mutations in the apolipoprotein B gene were found. The patient was treated successfully with simvastatin 80 mg/day and ezetimibe 10 mg/day and LDL cholesterol levels were reduced below 200 mg/dl.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , Hypercholesterolemia/genetics , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Cholesterol, LDL/drug effects , Heterozygote , LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/drug effects , LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/genetics , Mutation , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Prognosis , Simvastatin/therapeutic use
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 134(5): 641-648, mayo 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429872

ABSTRACT

Primary and secondary prevention trials have clearly demonstrated that lowering serum cholesterol levels with statins reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events. Recent studies plus post hoc analysis of previous clinical trials show that risk reduction is proportional to the magnitude of LDL cholesterol lowering. Therefore, new recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program (USA) have defined a category of patients with very high cardiovascular risk, who should achieve serum LDL cholesterol levels below 70 mg/dl. This proposal will require new and more efficient pharmacologic strategies to attain the increasingly strict therapeutic goals for LDL cholesterol. This article reviews the clinical studies that support the use of intensive lipid lowering therapy to reduce cardiovascular risk. An effective reduction of serum cholesterol can be obtained using statins in high doses or a combination of hypolipidemic drugs with different mechanisms of action.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Coronary Artery Disease/drug therapy , Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , Pyrroles/therapeutic use , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Clofibric Acid/therapeutic use , Coronary Artery Disease/blood , Coronary Artery Disease/prevention & control , Drug Therapy, Combination , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypercholesterolemia/blood
6.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 50(2): 344-359, abr. 2006. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-435162

ABSTRACT

Hiperlipidemia combinada familiar (HCF) é a forma mais comum de hiperlipidemia familial e se caracteriza por resistência à insulina, níveis baixos de HDL-C, níveis altos de triglicérides (TGC) e colesterol total associados a vários fenótipos dentro da mesma família. HCF associa-se, também, a um alto risco cardiovascular (RCV), e os níveis-alvo de tratamento das anormalidades lipídicas têm se modificado recentemente. Reduzir os níveis de LDL-C e não HDL-C devem ser os alvos da terapia. Níveis de LDL-C abaixo de 70 mg/dl têm se mostrado benéficos na RCV em pacientes de alto risco. Várias estatinas com diferentes potências e interações medicamentosas estão disponíveis no mercado. A terapia combinada de estatinas com seqüestradores de ácidos biliares ou ezetimiba pode ser necessária para se alcançar os valores-alvo de LDL-C estabelecidos pelas diretrizes. Níveis altos de TGC e baixos de HDL-C devem ser também considerados no tratamento, e freqüentemente somente o uso das estatinas se mostra insuficiente para normalizá-los. A combinação de estatinas com fibratos pode auxiliar para reduzir os níveis de colesterol e aumentar os de HDL-C, mas está associada à maior freqüência de miopatia e toxicidade hepática. Assim, a avaliação cuidadosa dos riscos e benefícios da terapia é recomendável. A associação de estatina e niacina parece ser útil para pacientes com HCF, particularmente por aumentar os níveis de HDL-C, uma vez que tem sido menos relacionada à alta freqüência de miopatia. A niacina pode ser causa de flushings que podem ser reduzidos com o uso de aspirina. O efeito pode também ser minimizado com o uso de formas de liberação lenta (Niaspan). A niacina pode também elevar os níveis de glicemia e ácido úrico. Assim, os riscos e benefícios da associação devem ser avaliados.


Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is a frequent familial lipid disorder associated with insulin resistance, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides and cholesterol levels with variable phenotypes within the same family. FCH is linked to a high risk for cardiovascular diseases. Treatment goals for lipid abnormalities are changing in recent years. Lowering elevated levels of LDL e Non HDL-cholesterol levels are primary targets of therapy. Lower LDL-C than 70 mg/dL seems to be useful to lower cardiovascular risk in patients with very high risk. Many statins are available, with different potencies and drug interactions. Combination therapy of statins and bile acid sequestrants or ezitimibe may be necessary to further decrease LDL cholesterol levels in order to meet guideline goals. High triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol are also important goals in the treatment of these patients, and frequently statins alone are insufficient to normalize the lipid profile. Combination therapy with fibrates will further lower triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol levels; this combination is also associated with higher incidence of myopathy and liver toxicity; appropriate evaluation of patients' risk and benefits is necessary. Association of statin/niacin seems be very useful in patients with FCH, especially as niacin is the best drug to increase HDL cholesterol; this association is not linked to a higher frequency of myopathy. Niacin causes flushing, that can in part be managed with use of aspirin and extended release forms (Niaspan); niacin also may increase plasma glucose and uric acid levels. Evaluation of risks and benefits for each patient is needed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Cholesterol, HDL , Clofibric Acid/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Lipids/blood , Niacin/therapeutic use
7.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 85(supl.5): 20-24, out. 2005.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-418870

ABSTRACT

Ezetimiba é um inibidor da absorção do colesterol que é glucuronidado no fígado após sua rápida absorção nos enterócitos, onde juntamente com os seus metabólitos, exerce as suas ações hipolipidêmicas, reduzindo a absorção do colesterol através da inibição do transporte do colesterol por enzimas transportadoras específicas. Esta droga pode ser utilizada uma vez ao dia, em função de sua meia-vida plasmática prolongada e normalmente é muito bem tolerada. A eliminação da ezetimiba e de seus metabólitos é feita principalmente pela excreção fecal. Em geral, o uso da ezetimiba isolada promove modestos efeitos no LDL plasmático, entretanto, quando combinada às estatinas, importantes mudanças no perfil lipídico podem ser observadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Azetidines/pharmacokinetics , Drug Interactions , Drug Therapy, Combination , Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
8.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 85(supl.5): 28-33, out. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-418872

ABSTRACT

O hipotireoidismo é comum entre pessoas idosas, especialmente entre as mulheres. A suspeita diagnóstica deve se basear na presença de sinais e sintomas clássicos e a detecção pode ser feita pela elevação dos níveis do hormônio tireo-estimulante (TSH). Anormalidades lipídicas na presença de hipotireoidismo sub-clínico são de menor impacto. Entretanto, a reposição específica de hormônio tireoideano é tão mais importante quanto a magnitude do distúrbio glandular. Na vigência de doença hepática, alguns agentes hipolipemiantes podem levar a um agravamento do quadro, entretanto, estudos recentes têm mostrado que as estatinas podem ser utilizadas na presença de esteatose hepática. Terapia hipolipemiante combinada pode induzir aumentos de enzimas hepáticas e o monitoramento cuidadoso é recomendado nestes pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Liver Diseases/drug therapy , Hypothyroidism/drug therapy , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Age Factors , Azetidines/adverse effects , Azetidines/metabolism , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Clofibrate/adverse effects , Clofibrate/metabolism , Clofibrate/therapeutic use , Drug Interactions , Dyslipidemias/complications , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Liver Diseases/etiology , Liver Diseases/metabolism , Hypothyroidism/etiology , Hypothyroidism/metabolism , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/metabolism , Sex Factors , Thyrotropin/blood
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